Exploring Clove for Sustainable Fish Health Management in Aquaculture: A Review

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly approaches in aquaculture due to concerns about antibiotic resistance, environment and consumer health has led to exploration of various natural plant-based alternatives. Clove, Syzygium aromaticum, which is known for rich bioactive profile, has been identified as a promising agent in maintaining fish health. This review highlights the use of Clove in aquaculture, focusing on its multifunctional properties- antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anaesthetic and immunomodulatory effects. Its antioxidant activity helps counteract the stress resulting from abiotic and handling stressors of the environment, thereby, improving the health of the fish. Anti- inflammatory and anti- microbial action prevents infections and ensures good quality of water while anaesthetic action mitigates stress stimulated during the transportation and handling process. Furthermore, clove has a favourable immunomodulatory activity wherein reduced cortisol levels and enhanced macrophage activity correlate with cytokine regulation. Current research has shown it to have wide applicability in fostering sustainable aquaculture. However, further research is required to understand various aspects viz. optimal dosing, species-specific responses and potential long-term effects on its effective incorporation into aquaculture systems. Our summarization of recent findings in the current article would pave the way toward the utilisation of Clove as a natural and sustainable means of enhancing fish welfare and productivity in aquaculture.