Tef [Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotte] under Different Water Levels and N-P Fertilizer Rates in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia
Keywords:
Tef, Irrigation, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Water use efficiencyAbstract
On-field experiment on Tef performance was conducted in Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia with the objective of evaluating the effects of N-P rates and water levels on yield and yield components of tef. The experimental design was a factorial combination of three levels of water with three levels of N-P fertilizers replicated four times at Illala and Wukro research stations. The highest tef yield 2770 kg ha-1 was recorded at Illala site from 64 kg ha-1 N and 46 kg ha-1 P under full irrigation and that of Wukro was 1988 kg ha-1 under full irrigation with 32 kg N ha-1 and 23 kg P ha-1. However, the lowest grain yield was obtained under rainfed with 64kg ha-1N and 46 kg ha-1P at Illala and at Wukro it was rain fed with N0P0 fertilizer. Increase in water level and N-P rates (P˂0.001) increased the grain yield, biomass, days to maturity and harvest index. However, the interaction of water levels, N-P rates across locations did not show significant difference (p=0.05) for biomass, harvest index, days to heading, days to senescence, days to maturity, lodging%, plant height, panicle length and tiller number. Highest water use efficiency was obtained in full irrigation with 64kg ha-1N and 46 kg ha-1P at Illala with 0.643 kg m-3 and rainfed and deficit irrigation at Wukro with 0.374 kg m-3 whereas the lowest water use efficiency was obtained from treatments of rainfed and 64kg ha-1N and 46 kg ha-1P at Illala with 0.294 kg m-3 and deficit irrigation and N0P0 fertilizer at Wukro with 0.293 kg m-3. The highest net benefit was obtained in deficit irrigation and 64kg ha-1N and 46 kg ha-1P at Illala with 35769 ETB ha-1 and full irrigation and N0P0 fertilizer at Wukro with 26253 ETB ha-1.The lowest net benefit was also gained in deficit irrigation and 64kg ha-1N and 46 kg ha-1P at Illala and Wukro with 8335 birr ha-1 and 18231 ETB ha-1 respectively. It can be concluded that not only the amount but also the time of supplementary irrigation applied to mitigate water stress in combination with timely application of the recommended fertilizer dose has increased the yield of tef at the test sites. Both mineral fertilizer management and water management are found to be very important factors for areas with water scarcity and with degraded soils. Full irrigation with 64 kg ha-1 N and 46 kg ha-1 P could bring relatively better yield advantage to farmers around Enderta having soils of clay whereas it is full irrigation with 32 kg ha-1 N and 23 kg ha-1 P for farmers around Wukro with sandy clay loam soils. However, further research needs to know whether limited irrigation could bring higher yield in those sites.
Downloads
References
Araya A, Stroosnijde L, Girmay G and Keesstr SD (2010) Crop coefficent, Yield to Water Stress and Water Productivity of Tef (Eragrostis tef (zucc.),Agric.Water Manage.
Barron J, Rockström J and Gichuki F (1999) Rain water management for dry spell mitigation in semi-arid Kenya. East African Agriculture and Forestry Journal, 65:57-69.
Bazza M and Tayaa M (1999) Contribution to improve sugar beet deficit-irrigation. In: C. Kirda, P. Moutonnet, C. Hera, D.R. Nielsen, eds. Crop yield response to deficit irrigation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Bessembinder JJE, Leffelaar PA and Dhindwal AS (2005) Which crop and which drop and the scope for improvement of water productivity. Agricultural Water Management, 73:113-130.
Blake GR and Hartge KH (eds.) (1986) Bulk density, Vol. 1, pp. 1-363-375, Madison.
Bouman BAM and Toung TP (2001) Field water management to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated lowland rice. Agricultural Water Management, 49:11-30.
Cassel DK and Nielsen DR (eds.) (1986) Field capacity and available water capacity, Journal of Agronomy Monogr, Vol. 9, pp. 1-901-926. Madison,.
CIMMYT (1988) from agronomic data to farm recommendations. An economic training manual completly, revised edition, mexico.
CSA (2010) Agricultural sample survey, Report on area and production of major crops (Meher season), pp. 224 - 446 Statistical Bulletin. Central Statistical Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
CSA (2011) Central statistics report.
FAO (1983) Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Guide: Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition.
Farre I and Faci JM (2006) Comparative response of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) to deficit irrigation in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural Water Management 84:135-143.
Fox P and Rockström J (2000) Water harvesting for supplemental irrigation of cereal crops to overcome intra-seasonal dry-spells in the Sahel Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 25:289-296.
Gebeyehu B and Tibebu C (2005) Soils of Mekelle Agricultural Research center and its testing sites, Soil survey and land evaluation section, National soil research center.
Gee GW and Bauder JW (1986) Particle size analysis. In: Klute, A. (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1(2nd. Ed.). : 383–411.
Habtegebrial K, Singh BR and Haile M (2007) Impact of Tillage and Nitrogen fertilization on yield, nitrogen use efficiency of Tef (Eragrostis Tef) and soil properties. Journal of Soil Tillage Research, 94:56-63.
Jackson ML (1958) Soil chemical analysis. Prentice-Halls Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA: 545-566.
Jackson ML (1967). Soil Chemical Analysis Practice Hall of India. New Delhi.
Kirda C and Kanber R (eds.) (1999) Water, no longer a plentiful resource, should be used sparingly in irrigated agriculture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Landon JR (1991) Booker tropical soil manual, A handbook for soil survey and agricultural land evaluation in tropics and subtropics, Longman scientific And technical, Harlow, UK.
Mao M, Liu M, Wang X, Ljua C, Hou Z and Shi J (2003) Effects of deficit irrigation on yield and water use of green house grown cucumber in the North China Plain. Agri. Water Manage 61:219-228.
MARCMS (1995-2012) Mekelle agricultural research center metrological station climate data.
Molden DJ and Rijsberman F (2001) Assuring water for food and environmental security. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Mid-Term Meeting, Durban, South Africa.
NMA (1995-2012) National metrological agency wukro metrological station climate data.
Nyssen J, Munro N, Haile M, Poesen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Moeyersons J, Govers G and Deckers J (2007) Understanding the environmental changes in Tigray: a photographic record over 30 years. Tigray Livelihood Papers 3. VLIR Mekelle University IUC Programme, Zala-Daget, Project, Mekelle, Ethiopia. : 82.
Nyssen J, Haile M, Nauds J, Munro N, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Frankl A, Deckers J and Pankhurst R (2009) Desertification? Northern Ethiopia rephotographed after 140 years. Science of the Total Environment, 407: 2749-2755.
Olsen SR and Dean LA (1965) Phosphorous: Methods of Soil Analysis American society of Agronomy
Oweis T and Hachum A (2006) Improving water productivity in the dry areas of West Asia andNorth Africa. Water productivity in agriculture: Limits and opportunities for Improvement: 183.
Payero JO, Melvin SR, Irmak S and Tarkalson D (2006) Yield response of corn to deficit irrigation in a semiarid climate Agricultural Water Management 84:101-112.
Payne RW, Harding SA, Murray DA, Soutar Baird DB, Glaser Welham SJ, Gilmour AR, Thompson R, and Webster R (2011) GenStat® Release 14 Reference Manual.
Raes D and Woundimagegnehu (2007) Crop water productivity of Barley and Tef in the Highlands of Tigray (Northern Ethiopia), Faculty of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resource Department of Dryland Crop Science
Saxton EK and Patrick H (2005) Soil-Plant-Water Field and Pond Hydrology: Operational, Version 6.02, Washington State University Pullman
Seckler D, Molden D and Sakthivadivel R (eds.) (2003) The concept of efficiency in water resources management and policy, pp. 1-37-51. CABI Publishing (in association with IWMI), UK, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Sertsu S (1999) Draft guideline for regional soil testing laboratories, NFIA Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
Seyfu K (1993) Tef (Eragrostis tef): Breeding, Genetic Resources, Agronomy, Utilization and Role in Ethiopian Agriculture. Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Seyfu K (1997) Tef. Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchI, ISBN 92-9043-304-3, Rome, Italy
Sezen M, Yazar A, Canbolat M, Eker S and Celikel G (2005) Effect of drip irrigation Management on yield and quality of field grown beans. Agri. Water Manage, 73:243-255.
Shock C, Saunders L, Feibert E and Eldredge EP (2005) Teff (Eragrostis tef), an Irrigated warm season annual forage crop Oregon State University, Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario.
Soltani A, Khooie FR, Ghassemi-Golezani K and Moghaddam M (2000) Threshold for chickpea leaf expansion and transpiration response to soil water deficit. Field Crops Research 68:205-210.
Steel RGD and Torrie JH (1980) Principles and Procedures of statics. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Manual Company, New York.
Tefera H and Belay G (2006) Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter. In: Brink, M. & Belay, G (Eds.). PROTA 1: Cereals and pulses/Céréales et légumes secs [CD-Rom]. PROTA, Wageningen Netherlands.
Tefera H, Assefa K, Hundera F, Kefyalew T and Tefera T (2003) Heritability and genetic advance in recombinant inbred lines of tef (Eragrostis tef) Euphytica 131:91-96.
Teklu Y and Tefera H (2005) Genetic improvement in grain yield potentialand associated agronomic traits of tef (Eragrostis tef ). Euphytica, International Journal of Plant Breeding 141: 247-254.
Tolk JA and Howell TA (2003) Water use efficiencies of grain sorghum grown in three USA Southern Great Plains soils. Agricultural Water Management 59:97-111.
Tsegay A (2012) Improving Crop Production by Field Management Strategies Using Crop Water Productivity Modeling: Case Study of Tef (Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter) production in Tigray. PhD thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Tulema B, Zapata F, Aune J and Sitaula B (2005) N fertilisation, soil type and cultivars effects on N use efficiency in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 71:203-211.
Turner NC (2004) Agronomic options for improving rainfall use efficiency of crops in dryland farming system. Journal of experimental botany 55:2413-2425.
Yenesew MY, Bart S, Abraham MH and Teklu E (2011) Optimizing teff productivity in water Stressed region of Ethiopia, pp. 15-23 ICID 21st International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage, Tehran, Iran.
Liu, Sanic S, Jensen CR, Shahnazan A, Jacobsen SE, Stikic R, Andersen MW (2007) Water relations and yield of lysimeter grown strawberries under limited irrigation, Department of Agricultural Sciences ,The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Hoibakkegaard Alle 13, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If the material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/
