Review of Rabies preventions and control

Authors

  • Balcha Chernet Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma Ethiopia
  • Abdela Nejash Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma Ethiopia

Keywords:

Control, Rabies, Zoonosis, Vaccine, Prevention

Abstract

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system, caused by
a lyssavirusin the family Rhabdoviridae. Itis zoonotic viral disease that can
affect all mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, and wildlife and farm
animals. The virus is present in the saliva of affected animals, and the most
frequent method of transmission to humans is by bites, scratches or licks
to broken skin or mucous membranes. The disease has a long incubation
period (Six months) and symptoms may take several weeks to appear
after infection. The first clinical symptom is neuropathic pain at the site of
infection or wound due to viral replication. Diagnosis can only be
confirmed by laboratory tests preferably conducted post mortem on
central nervous system tissue removed from cranium. This paper reviews
the possible prevention and control of rabies. Essential components of
rabies prevention and control include ongoing public education,
responsible pet ownership, routine veterinary care and vaccination, and
professional continuing education. Control strategies include quarantine,
confirmation of diagnosis, determining the origin and spread of an
outbreak.Since rabies is invariably fatal and deadly viral disease that can
only be prevented the collaborative effort between Veterinarians and
human health care professionals are needed in the prevention and control
of rabies.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abera E, Assefa A, Belete S and Mekonen N(2015) Review on

Rabies, with Emphasis on Disease Control and

Eradication Measures. International Journal of Basic and

Applied Virology, 4(2): 60-70.

American Public Health Association, APHA (2008) Rabies. In:

HeymannD, ed. Control of communicable diseases

manual. 19thed.Washington,D.C.Pp498–508.

Bishop GC, Durrheim DN, Kloeck PE, Godlonton JD, Bingham

J, Speare R and the Rabies Advisory Group (2003)

Rabies, Guide For The Medical,Veterinary and Allied

Professions 2nd ed. ISBN: 1–86871–119–6 :Government

Printer, Pretoria. Pp. 26.

Black TP and CE Rupprecht (2004) Rhabdo viruses. In:

Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. P rinciples and

Practice of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia: ELSEVIER

Churchill Living stone; 6th edition.Pp.2047-56.

Blackmore C ( 2014) Rabies Prevention and Control in

Florida, Division of Disease Control and Health

Protection. Pp122.

Boonlert L(2005) Laboratory Techniques for Rabies

Diagnosis in Animals at QSMI. Thai. Red Cross Society J.

Med. Assoc. Thai. 88:550-553.

Bruce C and AW Margaret (2001) Biological Resource

Management Division, Fort Collins, CO. Pp 15-27.

California Department of Public Health, CDPH (2012)

Veterinary Public Health Section.Compendium of Rabies

Control and Prevention, Pp 1-17.

Catherine M and Brown (2011) Compendium of Animal

Rabies Prevention and Control Committee Compendium

of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control.

Center for Food Security and Public Health. CFSPH (2012)

Iowa State University; Inistitute for International

Cooperation in Animal Biologics. Rabies and Rabies-

Related Lyssaviruses

Cleaveland S, Feire EM, Kaare M, Coleman PG (2002)

Estimating human rabies mortality in the United

Republic of Tanzania from dog bite injuries. Bulletin of

the WHO; 80:304-10.

Consales CA and Bolzan VL (2007) Rabies review:

immunopathology, clinical aspects and treatment.

Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including

Tropical Diseases, 13(1), 5-38.

Depani SJ, Kennedy N, Mallewa M and Molyneux EM (2012)

Case report: Evidence of Rise in Rabies Cases in

Southern Malawi – Better Preventative Measures Are

Urgently Required. Malawi medical Journal, vol.

24(3), pp. 61-64.

Fooks AR, McElhinney LM, Horton D, Knobel DL, Cleaveland

S, Coleman PGC,Tordo N and Müller T (2012) Molecular

tools for rabies diagnosis in animals. In: Fooks AR,

Müller T, eds. OIE, Compendium of the OIE Global

Conference on Rabies Control, pp: 75-87.

Hanlon CA, Niezgoda M and Rupprecht CE (2002) Post

exposure prophylaxis for prevention of rabies in dogs.

Am. J.Vet.Res., 63:1096-110.

Hemachudha T (2013) Human rabies: neuro pathogenesis,

diagnosis and management. LancetNeur., 12:498–513.

Jackson AC (2010) Why does the prognosis remain so poor

in human rabies? Expert. Rev. Anti Infect. Ther., 8:623-

625.

Klingen Y, Conzelmann K.K. and Finke S (2008) Doublelabeled

rabies virus: live tracking of enveloped virus

transport. J.Vir., 82:237–245.

Leslie MJ, Messenger S and Rohde RE (2006) Bat-associated

rabies virus in skunks. Emerg Infect Dis. 12:1274–7.

McElhinney M, Fooks AR, Radford AD. Diagnostic tools for

the detection of rabies virus. EJCAP., 2008;18:03

Moges N (2015) Epidemiology, Prevention and Control

Methods of Rabies in Domestic Animals: European

Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(2), 85-90.

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report MMWR (2012)

Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and

Control: Recommendations and Reports / Vol. 60 / No.

6. Pp 1-17.

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, MMWR (2011)

Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and

Control: Recommendations and Reports, 60(6):1-17.

Murray KO, Holmes KC and Hanlon CA (2009) Rabies in

vaccinated dogs and cats in the United States, 1997-

2001.JAVMA.235:691-95.

Nejash A (2016) Review of Important Cattle Tick and Its

Control in Ethiopia.Open Access Library Journal. 3(3):1-

11.

Nilsson M (2014) Effect on rabies education program on

rabies awareness, attitudes towards dogs and animal

welfare among children in Lilongwe, Malawi. Epsilon,

Examensarbete, 2014:26.

Permpalung N, Wongrakpanich S, Korpaisarn S, Tanratana P

& Angsanakul J (2013) Trend of human rabies

prophylaxis in developing countries: Toward optimal

rabies immunization. Vaccine, vol. 31, pp. 4079-4083.

Richard OG, Olaniyi AJ, Paul MP, Odinya AV, Adamu DA,

Atinuke DM and Audu DF (2015) A Review on Human

Deaths Associated with Rabies in Nigeria. Journal of

Vaccines & Vaccination, 2015.

Rupprecht CE, Barrett J, Briggs D, Cliquet F, Fooks AR,

Lumlertdacha B and Tordo N (2007) Can rabies be

eradicated?.Developments in biologicals, 131, 95-121.

Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA and Slate D (2006) Control and

prevention of rabies in animals:paradigm shifts. DevBiol

(Basel).125:103–11.

Shite A, Guadu T and Admassu B (2015) Challenges of

Rabies. International Journal of Basic and Applied

Virology, 4(2): 41-52, 2015

Spickler AR (2010) Emerging and exotic diseases of animals,

4th ed CFSPH Iowa State University, lowa USA pp: 261-

265

Ugolini G (2011) Rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer of

neuronal connections. Adv.Virs. Res. 79:165–202.

Ugolini G(2008) Use of rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer

of neuronal connections: Implications for the

understanding of rabies pathogenesis. Dev. Biols.

(Basel), 131:493– 506.

Warrell M (2001) Rabies encephalitis and its prophylaxis.

Practical Neurology, 1(1):14-29.

WHO (2004) Strategies for the control of rabies and

elimination in Asia.

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/diagnosis.ht

m National center for infectious disease

WHO (2013) Information Surveillance Report, J.Rab.Bull.Eur.

37:2. Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance

and Research, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany.

World Health Organization (1992) Expert Committee on

Rabies. Technical Report; series 824. Geneva.

World Health Organization, WHO (a). (2013) Rabies.

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs09

9/en/index.html. 2013-11-25.

World Health Organization, WHO (b) (2013) FAQs

Frequently asked questions on rabies. New Delhi,

India: World Health Organization, WHO. (SEA-CD-278).

Available:

http://www.who.int/rabies/resources/SEA_CD_278_FA

Qs_Rabies.pdf

World Organization for Animal Health OIE (2008) Manual of

diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals.

OIE. Rabies.

Yousaf M, Qasim M, Zia S, Khan MR, Ashfaq UA and Khan S,

(2012) Rabies molecular virology, diagnosis, prevention

and treatment. Virology journal, 9(1): 1

Downloads

Published

2016-07-25

How to Cite

Balcha Chernet, & Abdela Nejash. (2016). Review of Rabies preventions and control. International Journal of Life Sciences, 4(2), 293–301. Retrieved from https://ijlsci.in/ls/index.php/home/article/view/1313