A Study of Recent Green Extraction Techniques of Phytochemical from Plants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66167/ijlsci/2025113283Keywords:
Phytochemicals, green extraction, ultrasound‑assisted extraction, microwave‑assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, solvent extraction, sustainabilityAbstract
Extraction of phytochemicals from plant material is a crucial step in the utilization of plants for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food, cosmetics, and related industries. Traditional extraction methods such as maceration, Soxhlet extraction, steam distillation etc. are well established, but often suffer from drawbacks including long extraction times, high solvent consumption, thermal degradation of active compounds, and environmental toxicity. In recent years, “green” extraction techniques have been developed or adapted to address these issues, improving yield, reducing solvent usage, energy input, and enhancing sustainability. This paper reviews recent conventional and green extraction methods (2020–2025) applied to plant phytochemicals, compares their efficiencies, advantages and limitations, and discusses future directions. Key techniques covered include solvent extraction (traditional), Soxhlet, maceration, steam distillation; and more modern green variants such as ultrasound‑assisted extraction (UAE), microwave‑assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE/ASE), enzyme‑assisted extraction (EAE), pulsed electric field (PEF), subcritical water extraction (SWE), and hybrids of these. Based on comparative data, green methods often achieve similar or better yields in much shorter times, with lower environmental impact. The paper provides recommendations for method selection based on target phytochemical type, plant matrix, cost, scalability, and sustainability criteria.
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