Paper is where history is written, & chemistry is required for its conservation

Abstract

Paper is such evidence through which we can collect more objects than any other material like prints, drawings, watercolours, stamps, banknotes, labels; where owners of such objects want them to remain in good circumstances. Although, one third of paper in copyright libraries is too brittle to handle & another third will need attention over the next 100 years. As the paper is composed of several materials; the deterioration of paper depends upon these factors, if not conserved properly. The deterioration of paper is caused by many factors such as pH level, metal ions, lignin, heat, humidity, light, air pollution, or even presence of microorganisms. The main cause of degradation is decomposition of cellulose by acid hydrolysis, oxidative agents, alkaline degradation, thermal, radiation exposure. Yet cellulose with supramolecular structure impedes this degradation. The pure cellulose gets embrittled and loses paper strength due to acid – hydrolysis caused by low initial pH and degree of polymerisation. Although, deacidifying agent provide an alkaline reserve to avoid acid hydrolysis; the cellulose chain ends can react and undergo the depolymerisation reaction. Also, free radicals generated by the light can cut the cellulose chain causing the oxidative degradation. This review focuses on the deterioration and the steps taken to avoid it in detail as it is essential to know the accurate prevention of destruction of paper, as this damage can lead to the loss of a handy evidence.