Evaluation of ideal median lethal concentration (LC50) of a biofertilizer in an Indian air-breathing fish, Channa gachua (Ham.)
Keywords:
LC50, Biofertilizer, Channa gachua, various methodsAbstract
This is first report on estimation, determination, confirmation, toxicity status and safe level of a biofertilizer (mustard oil cake) in Channa gachua (Ham.). The work was conducted during 2018 by the use of static renewal method. In this work, 24hr-LC50 value from Lorke and Enegide et al. method was estimated 14142.16 and 15000.0 mg/L respectively. A range of 96hr-LC50 value of 4258.3 to 4600.0mg/L was calculated from Up-and-Down method and used as to find and rough estimation of LC50 dose. After that Behren-Karber or regression analysis method and Finney probit method used to determine the 96hr-LC50 value and the respective value was found 4900.0, 5344.0 and 5012.0mg/L. Finally, Reed-Muench method used to confirm 96hr-LC50 dose by various cross checks and median ideal lethal dose was found 4933.0mg/L. Range of tabulated safe level indicates that it is difficult to decide the acceptable concentration of mustard oil cake in Channa gachua based on the present study. However, on the basis of standard toxicity range, mustard oil cake may be treated as a substance of slightly toxic or practically non-toxic to Channa gachua. The work will help in deciding the optimum does of a biofertilizer as well as its safe level and toxicity status for higher yield of this fish.
Downloads
References
Aguilar I, Sanches EE, Giron ME, Estrella A, Guerrero B and Rodriquez–Acosta FL (2014) Coral snake antivenom produced in chickens (Gallus domesticus). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 56:61–66.
Akhila JS, Deepa S and Alwar MC (2007) Acute toxicity studies and determination of median lethal dose. Curr Sci, 93:917–920.
APHA (2009) Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Assoc, Washington, D.C.
Arwa BR and Vladimir BB (2016) In silico toxicology: computational methods for the prediction of chemical toxicity. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Mol Sci, 6:147–172.
Behrens B (1929) Zur Auswertung der Digitalisblätter im Froschversuch. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie 140, 237–256.
Bruce RD (1985) An up and down procedure for acute toxicity testing. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol, 5:151-157.
CCREM (Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers) (1991) Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Appendix IX. Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers, Inland Water Directorate. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 1-8.
Chaudhry S (2010) Channa gachua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. Downloaded on 04 October 2017.
CWQC (Committee on Water Quality Criteria) (1972) Areport of the committee on water Quality Criteria. Ecological Research Series. EPA-R3-73-003.
Dawson B and Trapp RG (2004) Basic and Clinical Biostatistical (4th edn) Mc-Graw Hill, New York, USA.
Dixon WJ and Mood AM (1948) A Method for Obtaining and Analyzing Sensitivity Data 43: 109-126. DOI: 10.2307/2280071. https://www.jstor.org/stable/
Enegide C, David A and Fidelis SA (2013). A New Method for Determining Acute Toxicity in Animal Models. Toxicol Int, 20: 224–226.
EPA (Environment Protection Act) OCSPP, OPP, US (2015) "Pesticide Labels and GHS: Comparison and Samples.
Erhirhie EO, Ihekwereme CP, Ilodigwe EE (2018) Advances in acute toxicity testing: strengths, weaknesses and regulatory acceptance. Interdiscip Toxicol. 11: 5–12. DOI: 10.2478/intox-2018-0001
Finney DT (1971) Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge.
Gertrude-Emilia C (2017) Advances in science: next generation of lab tools, models and testing platforms used in predictive toxicology. Molecular Life, 1: 22–28.
Hart WB, Weston RF and Dermann JG (1948) An apparatus for oxygenating test solution in which fish are used as test animals for evaluating toxicity. Trans Am Fish Soc, 75:288.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity.
IJC (1977) New and Revised Great Lakes Water Quality Objectives. Windsor, Ontario, p1.
Karber G (1931) Beitrag zur kollektiven Behandlung pharmakologischer Reihen versuche. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv fur Experimentelle Pathologie and Pharmakologie. 162: 480-483.
Loomis TA and Hayes AW (1996) Loomis’s essentials of toxicology. 4th ed., Cali¬fornia, Academic press: 208–245.
Lorke D (1983) A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch. Toxicol, 54:275-287.
NAS/NAE (1973) Water Quality Criteria. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, WQC 1972, EPA-R-R3-033.
Nath S, Matozzo V, Bhandari D and Faggio C (2018) Growth and liver histology of Channa punctatus exposed to a common biofertilizer. Nat. Product Res, DOI.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1428586.
Nath S, Prosad S and Matozzo V (2017) Effects of mustard oil cake on haematological parameters of the freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Internat. J Applied Environ Sci, 12: 839-848.
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2013) Guideline for the testing of chemicals 423. Documentation on acute oral toxicity and acute class method. 2001. http://www.oecd.org .
Rajendran K and Devaraj P (2004) Biomass and nutrient distribution and their return of Casuarina equisetifolia inoculated with biofertilizers in farm land. Biomass and Bioenergy, 26:235-249.
Ramakrishnan MA (2016) Determination of 50% endpoint titer using a simple formula. World J Virol, 5(2): 85–86. DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v5.i2.85
Reed LJ and Muench H (1938) A simple method of estimating fifty percent end points. Am J Hyg, 27:493–497.
Saganuwan SA (2016) Toxicity study of drugs and chemicals in animals: An overview. BJVM. online first.
Saganuwan SA (2011) A modified arithmetical method of Reed and Muench for determination of a relatively ideal median lethal dose (LD50). Afr J Pharm Pharmacol, 5:1543–1546.
Saganuwan SA (2015) Arithmetic-Geometric-Harmonic (AGH) Method of Rough Estimation of Median Lethal Dose (Ld50) Using Up – and – Down Procedure. J Drug Metab Toxicol, 6:3. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000180.
Saganuwan SA (2016) The new algorithm for calculation of median lethal dose (LD50) and effective dose fifty (ED50) of Micrarus fulvius venom and anti-venom in mice. Internat J Vet Sci Med, 4: 1–4.
Sprague JB (1971) Sprague Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish—III. Sub-lethal concentrations and “safe” concentrations. Water Research.
Trevan JW (1927) The error of determination of toxicity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 101, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1927.0030.
www. sodhganga.infibnet.ac.in.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If the material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/
