Effect of vitamin B12 supplementation on the reproduction of Daphnia magna (Straus 1820) under sudden turbidity change
Keywords:
Daphnia magna, Cladocera, kaolin, turbidity, vitamin B12Abstract
Sediment loading related to heavy rainfall has become an issue to aquatic animals. Here, we reported a study revealing how vitamin B12, as an important nutrient exclusively produced by bacteria, can minimize damage caused by sudden turbidity changed in Cladocera zooplankton, Daphnia magna. The animals were exposed individually during its lifespan to various turbidity levels (0, 15, 50, 100, 600, 1200 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)) using kaolin clay and fed by Chlorella vulgaris with different level of vitamin B12 supplementation (0, 5, 15, 30 µg L-1) in the grown media. Exposing Daphnia to the turbidity had no effect to the lifespan and the survivorship, but the fecundity. In addition, supplementation of vitamin B12 showed positive effect to the quality of offspring. Although it is found very subtle, the ratio of total malformation (ranged from 0.002 – 0.022) and male offspring (0.025 for 0 µg L-1 and 0.014 for 5 µg L-1) produced by exposed Daphnia were lessen recorded in proportional with the increasing dose of vitamin B12. Collectively our data indicate that pulse turbidity exposure to D. magna had affected the offspring condition and presence of vitamin B12 can contribute to normal development offspring of D. magna in the changing environment.
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