Parthenium Weed: A Major Threat to Biodiversity in India
Keywords:
Parthenium, biodiversity, allelopathic, weedAbstract
Parthenium hysterophorus is commonly known as congress grass or carrot weed. It is also called as white cap or top, gajari, gajar ghans, chatak chandani, nakshtra gida, safed topi etc. It is most commonly called as ‘Gajar Ghans’ as it appears like carrot plant. It is herbaceous, an annual plant belonging to subfamily Heliantheae and family Asteraceae (Compositae). It is a deadly weed infesting cropped and non-cropped areas. This weed rapidly covers the new surroundings and poses a serious threat to our environment. This weed has been rapidly spreading from the last two decades. Parthenium hysterophorus is a noxious weed in America, Asia, Africa and Australia. This weed is considered to be a cause of allergic respiratory problems, contact dermatitis, mutagenicity in human and livestock. Crop production is drastically reduced owing to its allelopathy. Also, aggressive dominance of this weed threatens biodiversity. It can be seen on roadside, railway tracts, vacant lands, wastelands, agricultural, horticultural and plantation crops, industrial areas, irrigation canals etc. Presently it is considered as one of the most problematic weeds. Its invasion in India has been estimated to be about 35 million hectares. It has wide adaptability to climate and soil conditions. It grows luxuriantly and does not allow any other vegetation nearby or underneath. It has been observed that this weed has reduced crop yields and has also affected biodiversity in the state. The weed is very common along with the road sides, around the agricultural fields and on waste lands. P. hysterophorus is considered as a noxious weed because of its prolific seed production and fast spreading ability, allelopathic effect on other plants, strong competitiveness with crops and health hazard to human as well as animals. The infestation of the weed causes yield losses up to 40% in several crops and reduces forage production by up to 90%. The rapid spread of parthenium in India would be a bigger risk to the expansion and sustainable production of many crops.
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