Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Biological Control Agents in Sustainable Agriculture
Keywords:
Biocontrol, EPN, Beneficial nematodes, Entomopathogenic nematodeAbstract
Insect pests that harm major crops like sugarcane, cotton, soybeans, vegetables, and horticulture plantations severely limit agricultural productivity in Maharashtra, one of India’s leading agrarian states. Serious issues include insect resistance, resurgence, pesticide residues, soil degradation, and negative effects on non-target creatures and human health have arisen as a result of the state’s long-term and careless use of chemical pesticides. In this regard, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), which are members of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, provide an environmentally safe and sustainable substitute for controlling insect pests. As a result of their special mutualistic relationship with symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus), entomopathogenic nematodes may quickly infect and kill a variety of cryptic and soil-dwelling insect pests. Target-specific action, little environmental persistence, lack of hazardous residues, and compatibility with integrated pest management (IPM) and organic farming systems are some of the benefits that EPNs offer over conventional pesticides. Under laboratory and field conditions, its application has shown encouraging results in controlling important pests that are common in the agroclimatic regions of Maharashtra. However, the efficacy of EPNs is affected by environmental factors such soil moisture, temperature, and UV radiation, which may restrict their consistency under field circumstances, in contrast to chemical pesticides that provide instantaneous and broad-spectrum effects. Their field performance and persistence have been greatly enhanced by recent developments in formulation technologies, mass production, and the use of native EPN isolates tailored to the soil and climate of Maharashtra. This study examines the relative efficacy of chemical pesticides and entomopathogenic nematodes, highlighting the potential of EPNs as biological control agents in sustainable agriculture. Incorporating EPNs into Maharashtra’s pest control plans is a practical way to lessen reliance on chemical pesticides while fostering soil health, environmental safety, and long-term agricultural sustainability.
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