Effect of Neem extract on the Gastro-intestinal Nematodes of Sheep and Goat: in vitro and in vivo study
Keywords:
Nematodes, Neem, Azadirachta indica, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovisAbstract
The study examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of neem leaf extract and neem seed oil on gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep and goat. Neem leaf extract and neem seed oil were discovered to have the potential to control gastrointestinal nematodes. All three species of gastrointestinal nematodes selected for this study, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum columbianum, and Trichuris ovis, were affected by different concentrations of neem leaf extract and neem seed oil. Neem leaf extract and neem seed oil reduced motility in all three nematodes. Variations in neem leaf extract and neem oil concentrations killed the nematode species. The treated nematode worms had greatly changed histology. The body wall's cuticle and muscular layers showed the most histological changes. Neem-treated Haemonchus contortus worms lost the intestine's border membrane and damaged the vaginal, vulvar walls and eggshell. Fertilised ova, which are normally discharged at the two-celled stage, developed into morulas. Vaginal musculature abnormalities prevented their evacuation. Neem leaf extract and seed oil primarily affected Oesophagostomum columbianum's body wall and intestinal brush border. Neem extracts affected nematode body wall. Nematode worms' cuticle flake and etch. Muscles were damaged. Intestinal brush boundary epithelium erupted. Erosion of the intestinal brush barrier may have hampered nutrient absorption and killed worms. Male and female worm reproductive tracts remained unchanged. Neem leaf extract and seed oil altered histological structure of digestive system in case of Trichuris ovis. Microvillar brush border and intestinal epithelial damage was noticed. The reproductive organs merely lost bounding membranes of gonads.
Downloads
References
Abdulazizov AI (1975) Histological changes in Ascaris lumbricoides caused by some anthelmintics. Trudy Moskovskogo Meditsinskogoinstitutaim I. M. Sechenova (Aktual'nyevop-rosy sovremennoi parazitologii). 84:14-17.
Ambu S, Mak JW, Ng CS, Ragunathan T and Homidak T (1995) Electron microscopic study of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis treated with three drugs. Trop. Biomed. 12 (2): 105-107.
Anya AO (1964) Studies on the structure of female reproductive system and egg shell formation in Aspiculuris tetraptera Schulz (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea). Parasitology. 54: 699-719.
Baugh SC (1978) A century of Schistosomiasis in India: Human and Animal Rev Iber Parasito, 38:435-472.
Beams HW and Sekhon SS (1972) Cytodifferentiation during spermiogenesis in Rhabditispellio. J. Ultrast. Res. 38: 511-527.
Bogoyavlenskii YK, Abdulazizov AI and Onushko NV (1975) Changes in the fine structure of the female reproductive system of Ascaris lumbricoides caused by some anthelmintics. Trudy(I) Moskovskozo Meditsinskozoim.I.M.Sechenova (Aktual'nyevoprosy Instituta sovremennoi parazitologii), 84:45-48.
Boulaqu EHA, Dar FK, Hamdy EI and Mikhail EG (1979) Effect of levamisole on tissues of Ascaris lumbricoides. Acta Tropica. 36(1):85-90.
Brunanska M (1992) The ultrastructure of the growth zone of the ovaries of Syngamus trachea. Helminthologia. 29(1):7-12.
Brunanska M (1997) Toxocara canis (Nematoda: Ascarididae): the fine structure of the oviduct, oviduct- uterine junction and uterus. Folia Parasit., 44:55-61.
Brunanska M (1991) An ultrastructural study on the germinal zone and rachis of the ovaries. Helminthologia. 28(4):165-171.
Chauhan AS, Srivastava CB and Chauhan BS Studies on the trematode fauna of India, part 6 Digenea: Schistosomatidae. J Zoo Soc India. 25:83-127.
Chitwood BG and Chitwood MB. An Introduction to Nematology. University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 334pp.
Choudhary N and Tada, NJ (1994) Helminthology, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Coles GC and Mcheillie RM (1997) The response of nematodes in vivo and in vitro to some anthelmintics. Journal of Helminthology. 51:323-326.
Dutt SC (1980) Paramphistomes and Paramphistomiasis of domestic animals of India. Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana.
Evans DB and Guyatt HI (1995) The cost effectiveness of mass drug therapy for intestinal helminths. Pharmacoeconomics. 8:14.
Fok E, Mizinska-Boevska Y and Polyakova-Krusteva O.(1992) Nippostrongylus brasiliensis- ultrastructure of the Body wall. Parastologia Hungarica. 24: 81-87.
Fujino T and Ishii Y (1988) Toxocaracanis: scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the apical intestinal epithelium with special reference to the brush border. Jpn. J. Parasitol. 37 (1): 44- 50.
Gandhi S, Sarwal R and Kanwar S (1999) Effect of leaf extract of Azadirachta indica on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism of Trichuris globulosa (Nematoda). Proceeding 13th Nat. Congr. Parasitol., Bangalore Univ.,24-26 February, 1999; p.98.
Garg LC and Mehta RK (1982) in vitro studies on anthelmintic activity of Butea frondosa and Embeliaribes. Journal of Veterinary Animal Husbandry Research. 3: 28-31
Gupta NK (1993) Amphistomes: Systematic and Biology Oxford and IBH Publishing company Private Limited, New Delhi.
Gupta OP, Ali MM, Ray GB and Atal CK (1976) In vitro anthelminthic activity of desalts of Embelin. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 14: 356-357.
Guru LV and Mishra DN (1964) Anthelmintic activity of Embelia ribes (Burm) in vitro. Antiseptic. 61: 545-550.
Inglis WG (1964) The structure of the nematode cuticle. Proc. Zool. Soc., London. 143: 465-502.
Jennings JB and Colam, (1970) J.B. Gut structure, digestive physiology and food storage in Pontonema vulgaris. J.Zool. 161: 211-221.
Johal M (1988) Investigations on histoarchitectural, biochemical and histochemical aspects of some organ- systems of Oesophagostomum columbianum Curtice, 1890. Ph.D.Thesis, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
Lee DL, Wright KA and Shivers RR (1993) A freeze-fracture studyof the cuticle of adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda). Parasitology.107(5): 545-552.
Mackinnon BM (1987) An ultrastructural and histochemical study of oogenesis in the trichostrongylid nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. J.Parasitol.73(2): 390-399.
Maggenti AR (1981) General Nematology, Springer Series in Microbiology. Springer Verlag, New York, Heidelberg and Berlin, 372pp.
Modha J, Roberts MC, Robertson WM, Sweetman G, Powell KA, Kennedy MW and Kusel JR (1999) The surface coat of infective larvae of Trichinella spiralis.Parasitology. 118(5): 509- 522.
Mukherjee RP and Chauhan BS (1965) Studies on the trematode fauna of India. Part V. subclass Digenea: Paramphistomidae Fishchoeder, 1901. J Zool Soc India. 17: 160-225
Patel MN and Wright DJ (1998) The ultrastructure of the cuticle and sheath of infective juveniles of entomopathogenic Steinernemaid nematodes. J. Helminthol. 72:257-266.
Post RJ and Pinder M (1995) Oogenesis and embryogenesis in Loa loa.J. Helminthol. 69: 351-356.
Randhawa NS and Parmar BS (1996) (Eds) Neem, New AgeInternational (P) Ltd., New Delhi and London, 332pp.
Rauther M (1918) MitteilungenZur, Nematoden Kundo Zoologische Jahrbucher, 40:441-515.
Rauther M (1930) VierteKlasse desVierteKlasse des Cladus Nemathelminthes, Nematodes. Nematoidea Fadenwurmer. Handb. Zool. (Kukental and Krumback) .2:8 lief, 4 Teil, Bogen.; 23-32.
Sanyal PK (1996) Parasitic gastroenteritis in ruminants in India. Proc 8th Nat. Congr. Vet. Parasitol. pp.7-16.
Satrija F, Nansen P, Bjorn H, Murtini S and He S (1994) Effect of papaya latex against Ascaris suum in naturally Infected pigs. Journal of Helminthology. 68: 343-346.
Semenkov LD and Akilzhanov RR (1988) Ultrastructure of the integument and digestive system of Bunostomum trigonocephalum exposed to Panacur (fenbendazole). Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov Leningradskii Veterinarnyi Institut, 94 : 85-88.
Singh D, Swarnkar CP and Khan F (2003) Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock in India. J Vet Parasitol. 16: 115-130.
Singh J (2000) Histomorphological and histochemical studies of some organ-systems and in vitro effect of neem leaf extract on Haemonchus contortus., Ph.D. Thesis, Punjabi University Patiala, India.
Singh J (2015) In Vitro effect of neem leaf extract on the various organ-systems of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda) Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 35(2): 161-168.
Singh KRS (2005) Veterinary Helminthology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Smyth JD (1996) Animal Parasitology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne, 549 pp.
Sood ML (2003) "Helminthology in India". International Book Distributor, Dehradun.
Srivastava HD and Dutt SC (1962) Studies on Schistosoma indicum. Research series Bulletin no. 34. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
Takahashi Y, Goto C and Kita KK (1994) Ultrastructural study of Trichinella spiralis with emphasis on adult malereproductive organs. J. Helminthol. 68:353-358.
Takahashi Y, Goto C and Kita KK (1995) Ultrastructural study of Trichinella spiralis with emphasis on adult female reproductive organs. J.helminthol. 69:247-252.
Tendon V and Dhawan BN (2005) Infectious diseases of domestic animals and zoonoses in India. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India 75 (B), special issue. The National Academy of Science, India, Allahabad,.
Weber P (1987) The fine structure of the female reproductive tract ofadult of Loa loa. Int. J. Parasitol. 17 (4):927-934.
Weinstein PP (1999) Morphology and differentiation of the coelomocytes of the free-living stages of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. J. Parasitol. 84(4): 730-738.
Wright EJ and Sommerville, RI (1985) Structure and development of the spermatozoon of the parasitic nematode, Nematospiroides dubius. Parasitology. 90:170-192.
Xio SH, Ren HN, Dai SQ, Yang YQ and Zhang CW (1989) Light and electron microscopic observations on effects of tribendimidin on cuticle of Necator americanus and small intestinal mucosa of infected golden hamsters. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 10(1): 90-92.
Zajac AM, Gipson TA, Lovin JC (1997) Multiple anthelmintic resistance in Virginia goat herd. Proc. 42nd Ann. Meet. Amer. Ass. Vet. Parasitologists, July 19-22, 1997, Reno, Navada, p.66.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If the material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/
